Arctium is a genus of commonly known as burdock, family Asteraceae. Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide. Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to providing an excellent mechanism for seed dispersal, led to the invention of the hook-and-loop fastener.
Description
Plants of the genus
Arctium have dark green leaves that can grow up to long. They are generally large, coarse, and ovate, with the lower ones being heart-shaped. They are woolly underneath. The leafstalks are generally hollow.
Arctium species generally flower from July through October. Burdock flowers provide essential pollen and nectar for honeybees around August, when clover is on the wane and before the goldenrod starts to bloom.
Taxonomy
In 1753, the Swedish botanist
Carl Linnaeus established
genus Arctium by recognizing two
species:
Arctium lappa and
Arctium personata. The type specimen
Arctium lappa was collected from a cultivated waste area in Europe ("habitat in Europae cultis ruderatis"). , the name
Arctium personata is a synonym for
Carduus personata.
A large number of species have been placed in genus Arctium at one time or another, but most of them are now classified in the related genus Cousinia. The precise limits between Arctium and Cousinia are hard to define; there is an exact relation between their molecular phylogeny. The burdocks are sometimes confused with the cockleburs (genus Xanthium) and rhubarb (genus Rheum).
Accepted species
The following species are accepted:
-
Arctium abolinii
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Arctium alberti
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Arctium × ambiguum
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Arctium amplissimum
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Arctium anomalum
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Arctium arctiodes
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Arctium atlanticum – Algeria, Morocco
-
Arctium aureum
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Arctium chloranthum
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Arctium dolichophyllum
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Arctium × dualis
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Arctium echinopifolium
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Arctium egregium
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Arctium elatum
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Arctium evidens
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Arctium fedtschenkoanum
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Arctium grandifolium
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Arctium haesitabundum
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Arctium horrescens
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Arctium karatavicum
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Arctium korolkowii
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Arctium korshinskyi
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Arctium lappa – greater burdock – much of Eurasia; naturalized in North America, Australia and New Zealand
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Arctium lappaceum
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Arctium × leiobardanum – Siberia
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Arctium leiospermum
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Arctium × maassii
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Arctium macilentum
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Arctium medians
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Arctium minus – lesser burdock – Europe and southwestern Asia; naturalized in North and South America, Australia and New Zealand
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Arctium × mixtum
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Arctium nemorosum
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Arctium nidulans
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Arctium × nothum – central and eastern Europe
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Arctium palladinii – Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
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Arctium pallidivirens
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Arctium pentacanthoides
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Arctium pentacanthum
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Arctium pseudarctium – Afghanistan, Tajikistan
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Arctium pterolepidum
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Arctium radula
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Arctium refractum
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Arctium sardaimionense – Tajikistan
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Arctium schmalhausenii
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Arctium × semiconstrictum
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Arctium tomentellum
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Arctium tomentosum – woolly burdock – northern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Siberia, Xinjiang; naturalized in North America
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Arctium triflorum
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Arctium ugamense
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Arctium umbrosum
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Arctium vavilovii
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Arctium × zalewskii
Botanists disagree about the number of taxa introduced into North America but most authorities accept at least the following three species: Arctium lappa, Arctium minus, and Arctium tomentosum. The influential Flora of North America and others accept only those three species. In addition to three species, some authorities accept one or more hybrids. The United States Department of Agriculture accepts a fourth species, Arctium vulgare.
Etymology
Circa 16th century, from
bur + dock, the latter meaning
sorrel of the genus
Rumex.
[ Collins Dictionary]
Distribution and habitat
All
Arctium species are native to Europe and/or Asia but several species have been widely introduced. In Eurasia, native
Arctium species range from
Greenland to
Siberia in the north, and from
Macaronesia to Peninsular Malaysia in the south. Two species are native to China.
Arctium species have been introduced on four continents: Asia, Australia, North America, and South America. Two species have been introduced to New Zealand.
Ecology
The
of burdock, among other plants, are eaten by the
larva of the ghost moth (
Hepialus humuli). The plant is used as a food plant by other
Lepidoptera including
brown-tail,
Coleophora paripennella,
Coleophora peribenanderi, the Gothic,
lime-speck pug and
scalloped hazel.
The prickly heads of burdock () are noted for easily catching on to fur and clothing. Thus the bur is an excellent mechanism for seed dispersal. In England, some birdwatchers have reported that birds have become entangled in the burs leading to a slow death, as they are unable to free themselves.
Toxicity
The green, above-ground portions may cause contact dermatitis in individual with allergies as the plant contains
.
Uses
Food and drink
The
taproot of young burdock plants can be harvested and eaten as a
root vegetable. While generally out of favour in modern European
cuisine, it is popular in East Asia.
Arctium lappa is known as (牛蒡) in Chinese, the same name having been borrowed into Japanese as , and is eaten in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In Korean, burdock root is called (우엉) and sold as (통우엉), or "whole burdock". Plants are cultivated for their slender roots, which can grow up to about one metre long and two centimetres across. Burdock root is very crisp and has a sweet, mild, or pungent flavour with a little muddy harshness that can be reduced by soaking
Julienning or shredded roots in water for five to ten minutes. The roots have been used as potato substitutes in Russia.
Immature flower stalks may also be harvested in late spring, before flowers appear; their taste resembles that of globe artichoke, to which the burdock is related. The stalks are thoroughly peeled, and either eaten raw, or boiled in salt water.
In the second half of the 20th century, burdock achieved international recognition for its culinary use due to the increasing popularity of the macrobiotic diet, which advocates its consumption. It contains a fair amount of dietary fiber (GDF, 6 g per 100 g), calcium, potassium, and amino acids,[Extraction, Partial Characterization, and Inhibition Patterns of Polyphenol Oxidase from Burdock (Arctium lappa). Mie S. Lee-Kim, Eun S. Hwang and Kyung H. Kim, Enzymatic Browning and Its Prevention, Chapter 21, pp. 267–276, ] which causes its darkened surface and muddy harshness by forming tannin-iron complexes. Burdock root's harshness harmonizes well with pork in miso soup (tonjiru) and with Japanese-style pilaf (takikomi gohan).
Dandelion and burdock is a soft drink that has long been popular in the United Kingdom; it has its origins in hedgerow mead commonly drunk in the mediæval period.
In Europe, burdock root was used as a bittering agent in beer before the widespread adoption of hops for this purpose.
Traditional medicine
The seeds of
A. lappa are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name (p=niúbángzi; some dictionaries list the Chinese as just p=niúbàng).
Burdock is a traditional medicinal herb used for many ailments. Burdock root oil extract, also called bur oil, is used in Europe as a scalp treatment.
In culture
In Turkish Anatolia, the burdock plant was believed to ward off the
evil eye, and as such is often a motif appearing woven into
kilims for protection. With its many flowers, the plant also symbolizes abundance.
Before and during World War II, Japanese soldiers were issued a 15-1/2-inch bayonet held in a black-painted scabbard, the juken. Their nickname was the burdock sword (
gobo ken).
Mary Palmer's mid 18th century Devonshire Dialogue records the burrs of the plant being known in Devon, England, as "bachelor's-buttons".
The English folk artist Nancy Kerr refers to "The Land of Santa Georgia where the Banks of Burdocks Grow" in her song Santa Georgia, supposedly representing the relationship between country and city in modern England (especially Sheffield).
Inspiration for velcro
After taking his dog for a walk one day in the late 1940s (1948), George de Mestral, a Swiss inventor, became curious about the seeds of the burdock plant that had attached themselves to his clothes and to the dog's fur. Under a microscope, he looked closely at the hook system that the seeds use to hitchhike on passing animals aiding seed dispersal, and he realized that the same approach could be used to join other things together. His work led to the development of the hook and loop fastener, which was initially sold under the
Velcro brand name.
Serbo-Croatian uses the same word, čičak, for burdock and velcro;
Bibliography
External links
